Spain in numbers: INE 2025 analysis for Brazilians

Spain is one of the European countries that sparks the most interest among Brazilians and residents of Portugal thinking about changing their lives. A country with more than 48 million inhabitants, a diversified economy, a strong tourism presence, solid industry in several regions, and a service sector that sustains practically all economic activity, Spain offers a rich ecosystem for those who want to study, work, start a business, or retire outside of Brazil. Understanding this country in depth requires moving beyond loose impressions and looking at official numbers.

This guide was built based on the publication España en cifras 2025 (Spain in Figures 2025), released by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), the official statistical institute of the Spanish government. It is the clearest and most up-to-date snapshot of the country's territory, population, economy, labor market, education, health, industry, tourism, and services. Reading these data is essential for anyone planning a conscious move, a professional strategy, or a wealth decision related to Spain.

The original document can be consulted on the official INE portal: https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras. The analyses and interpretations in this guide are by the Studio Cidadania editorial team, focusing on the reader who seeks to understand the country strategically and build a well-founded life project.

Territory, geography, and European context

Spain occupies an area of 505,983 km², making it one of the largest countries in the European Union. For comparison, this places it behind France and ahead of Italy in continental surface area. With about 96.2 inhabitants per km², its population density is lower than the European average (109.3 inh./km²) and significantly lower than countries like the Netherlands, Belgium, or Germany. This data has a practical meaning: there is space, there are medium-sized cities with a high quality of life, and the country offers many more housing options than just Madrid and Barcelona.

Geographically, Spain is divided into 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla, in North Africa). Each autonomous community has its own government and competencies in areas such as health, education, land use planning, and regional taxation. For those planning to move to Spain, this structure is decisive: living in Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao, Malaga, Zaragoza, or the Canary Islands means dealing with distinct administrative rules, cost of living, job offers, and cultural dynamics, even within the same country.

Spanish territory is also marked by relevant environmental diversity. The country concentrates more than 30% of its surface in protected areas within the Natura 2000 Network, has national parks of great ecological value, and maintains robust public policies aimed at conservation. This environmental profile is important for those thinking about tourism projects, sustainable agriculture, rural second homes, or nature-related businesses.

Population: demographic structure and opportunities

According to the INE, Spain had 48.6 million inhabitants as of January 1, 2024, with a sustained growth trend, mainly due to immigration. The Spanish population is mostly urban, concentrated around Madrid, Barcelona, the Mediterranean coast, Andalusia, and the Atlantic north. Cities like Valencia, Seville, Zaragoza, Malaga, Murcia, Palma de Mallorca, Bilbao, and Las Palmas form a relevant metropolitan network, with their own labor markets and complete infrastructure.

The Spanish age pyramid has striking characteristics for migration planning. Life expectancy is among the highest in the world, and the country has a population aging profile that opens space for qualified professionals, especially in the areas of health, care, technology, and services. This demographic reality generates a structural demand for foreign labor, and is part of the explanation for why the Spanish government has maintained more predictable migration policies than many other European countries.

The presence of Latin American immigrants in Spain is significant, with highlights for Colombians, Venezuelans, Argentines, Peruvians, and Brazilians. This pre-existing social network facilitates cultural adaptation, strengthens the offer of services aimed at foreigners, and creates organized communities that help those arriving in the country. For Brazilians, this is a relevant differentiator compared to other European destinations.

Education and culture: university ecosystem and professional training

Spain maintains a free educational system up to high school and a network of public universities recognized throughout Europe. In 2023, the country had more than 1.6 million students enrolled in higher education, distributed between in-person and distance universities. The major areas with the most weight are Health Sciences, Social and Legal Sciences, Engineering and Architecture, Arts and Humanities, and Sciences.

This structure is strategic for families thinking about educating children in Europe, for professionals who want to supplement their training, and for entrepreneurs who need to hire qualified talent. Universities such as the Complutense of Madrid, the University of Barcelona, the Autonomous of Madrid, the Polytechnic of Valencia, and the University of Seville regularly appear in relevant European rankings. The Spanish system is also strong in Formación Profesional (FP - Vocational Training), with technical courses highly valued by the market, from mechatronics and administration to health, hospitality, and technology.

The rate of young adults (25 to 34 years old) with higher education in Spain is among the highest in the European Union, which sustains the country's presence in knowledge-intensive sectors such as technology, life sciences, and advanced industry. For Brazilians, this means a competitive professional market, but also a fertile one for those who arrive with qualifications.

Health: one of the most complete systems in the world

The Spanish National Health System is an international reference in coverage, quality, and life expectancy. Official INE data confirm that Spain is among the countries with the highest longevity on the planet, with very low infant mortality and a wide public network of hospitals and primary health centers. Each autonomous community manages its own health system, but within a coordinated national model, with universal access for legal residents.

For those migrating to Spain, this is one of the most concrete benefits: regularized residency means, in practice, access to a public health system with quality comparable to the best European standards. There is also a robust private sector, with monthly insurance that is usually much more affordable than Brazilian equivalents, offering speed in consultations and exams. This public-private combination is one of the reasons why Spain frequently appears in quality of life and well-being rankings.

Living conditions: income, cost, and consumption patterns

INE data on living conditions help draw a realistic portrait of daily life in Spain. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose by an average of 2.8% in 2024, decelerating compared to the previous year. The groups with the highest increases were Restaurants and hotels (4.8%), Alcoholic beverages and tobacco (4.0%), Food and non-alcoholic beverages (3.6%), and Housing, water, electricity, and gas (3.6%). The smallest variations were in Communications (0.1%) and Clothing and footwear (0.9%).

The average household expenditure in 2023 was 32,617 euros per year, according to the Family Budget Survey. Housing, food, and transport concentrate about 60% of family budgets. Expenditure per person was 13,120 euros annually, with relevant regional variations: the Basque Country appears 18.7% above the national average, while Extremadura is 15.4% below.

This regional heterogeneity is valuable information for those planning a move. Medium-sized cities and inland regions can offer a standard of living much higher than the same budget spent in Madrid or Barcelona, while maintaining access to quality public services, urban infrastructure, and proximity to cultural and economic centers.

Labor market: structure, salaries, and booming sectors

The Spanish labor market is one of the most sensitive and strategic points of migration planning. In 2024, the employed population reached historically high levels, with a strong presence in the service sector, and the trend is for continuous job creation in areas such as technology, health, hospitality, construction, industry, and logistics.

Average annual gross salaries by sector, according to the INE, offer an objective reference: Industry with 41,695 euros, Construction with 35,465 euros, and Services with 34,951 euros in average gross values per worker. These averages hide great variation by function, qualification, and region, but they already show a level quite different from the Brazilian one. When converted into real purchasing power, with access to public health, affordable education, and quality public transport, these salaries sustain a European middle-class standard of living.

The unemployment rate is still a relevant topic, but it needs to be interpreted in depth. The national average number coexists with very different situations between autonomous communities and sectors: technology, engineering, health, qualified teachers, industrial technicians, and bilingual professionals have very low unemployment and real demand for hiring. For qualified Brazilian professionals, this is a concrete window of opportunity.

The Spanish labor model offers consolidated rights: paid vacations, regulated working hours, social contributions that grant the right to a pension, unemployment insurance, extensive maternity and paternity leave, and protection against dismissal without just cause. For Brazilians accustomed to high turnover and low protection, this is an important differentiator in career building.

National accounts: a diversified and solid economy

The composition of the Spanish GDP reveals a mature economy. Services represent 69.1% of the gross value added, followed by Industry, Construction, and Agriculture. This profile shows that the country combines a strong vocation for tourism, commerce, professional services, and technology, with a relevant industrial base (automotive, chemical, food, fashion, pharmaceutical) and high-value agricultural production (olive oil, wine, fruits, vegetables, fish).

The Spanish GDP is the fourth largest in the European Union, behind Germany, France, and Italy. The country sustains one of the largest global presences in fashion, banking, telecommunications, energy, and infrastructure multinationals. Companies like Inditex, Telefónica, Banco Santander, BBVA, Iberdrola, Repsol, Acciona, and ACS are examples of Spanish international projection and function as hubs of opportunities for qualified professionals.

External sector: international trade and economic openness

Spain is an economy highly integrated into international trade. Its exports are concentrated in industrial goods, food, automobiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, machinery, equipment, fashion, and olive oil. The main trading partners are in the European Union, with highlights for France, Germany, Italy, and Portugal, but there are also relevant flows with the United States, the United Kingdom, Latin America, Morocco, and China.

For Brazilian entrepreneurs, this profile creates a fertile environment for international trade, import, export, intermediation, and services linked to international logistics. Spain functions as a natural gateway between Brazil, the European Union, and North Africa.

Public finance and macroeconomic environment

The Spanish financial system is supervised by the Bank of Spain, integrated into the Eurosystem of the European Central Bank. The currency is the euro, which provides exchange rate predictability relative to the entire eurozone and stability for medium and long-term financial planning. Public finances, although challenged by population aging and social demands, maintain an organized tax collection structure, with central taxes (IRPF, IVA, IS) and taxes assigned to autonomous communities (successions, donations, wealth, property transfers).

For Brazilians, this environment means predictability, access to bank credit on much more favorable terms than in Brazil, the possibility of real estate financing with low interest rates, and institutional stability to build wealth in a strong currency.

Companies: size, distribution, and opportunities for entrepreneurship

The Spanish business fabric is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises. Most companies registered in the country operate with few employees, and a significant portion is made up of self-employed (autónomos) and micro-enterprises. The sectors with the highest number of active companies are Commerce (635,234 companies), Construction (383,622), and Industry (175,806), according to the INE.

This design of the productive fabric is central information for those thinking about entrepreneurship. Spain is, in practice, a country of lean entrepreneurs, professional self-employed, and family micro-enterprises. Those who arrive with the typical Brazilian entrepreneurial culture find a receptive ecosystem, with clear rules for company formation, specific tax regimes for the self-employed, and public support lines for new businesses. The profile most consistent with the Spanish market is usually starting with a light structure, validating the business model, and expanding based on revenue, rather than starting with heavy operations at the beginning.

Science, technology, and innovation

Spain is increasingly investing in science and technology. Private companies and institutions represent the largest share of R&D spending, followed by public administration and higher education. The country has relevant innovation hubs in Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, Malaga, San Sebastian, and Zaragoza, with ecosystems of startups, accelerators, investment funds, and technical universities.

Official indicators show that 99.1% of companies have internet access and that the use of digital technology in Spanish companies is approaching the most advanced European standards. For Brazilian professionals in technology, data science, software engineering, digital marketing, design, cybersecurity, and product, Spain is today one of the most dynamic European destinations, especially in Barcelona, Madrid, and Malaga, the latter consolidated as the technological hub of Southern Europe.

Agriculture, livestock, and fishing: a consolidated productive vocation

Spanish agriculture has symbolic and economic weight: the country is one of the world's largest producers of olive oil, wine, fruits (citrus, grapes, watermelon, peach), vegetables, almonds, and fish. Livestock, especially swine, is a European reference. Fishing maintains a relevant fleet and strong tradition in coastal communities like Galicia, Andalusia, and the Basque Country.

This rural profile, combined with a strong agri-food industry, creates concrete opportunities for family farming projects, wines, artisanal cheeses, agritourism, food exports, and gastronomy. Brazilians with a vocation for the countryside find regions with affordable land, regional development programs, and growing demand for sustainable and high-quality production.

Energy: transition underway

Spain is among the most advanced European countries in renewable energy, with a strong presence of wind, solar photovoltaic, hydroelectric, and biomass. The national energy matrix is being reconfigured with significant investments in infrastructure, smart grids, solar self-consumption, and electric mobility. This movement opens important professional fronts in engineering, installation, maintenance, projects, regulation, and consulting.

For Brazilians linked to sectors such as energy, sustainability, ESG, the carbon market, and energy efficiency, Spain offers one of the most mature regulatory and economic environments in Europe to build a career or a company.

Industry: solid and regional base

Spanish industry is more relevant than many imagine. The country has major industrial hubs in Catalonia, the Basque Country, the Valencian Community, Madrid, Aragon, Galicia, and Andalusia. The sectors with the highest production include automotive, chemical, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy, electrical equipment, and fashion. Global companies maintain factories in the country, and Spain is a net exporter in several manufacturing segments.

For Brazilian professionals in industrial engineering, production, quality, supply chain, maintenance, and factory management, there is concrete demand. For entrepreneurs, specialized and niche industry (premium food, signature fashion, design, technical equipment) is a gateway with fewer barriers than mass-market sectors.

Construction and housing: a market in motion

The construction sector remains a relevant engine of the Spanish economy. Official data point to a significant volume of residential, commercial, and infrastructure works. The real estate market follows this movement, with sustained appreciation in large cities, on the coast, and in regions with high tourism and foreign residential demand, such as the Valencian Community, Andalusia, the Balearic Islands, and the Canary Islands.

For those planning to live in Spain, buying property is a strategic decision that needs to consider: the tax regime for acquisition (ITP or IVA as the case may be), annual taxes (IBI), community costs, expected appreciation, and purpose (own home, residential rental, tourist rental). Access to bank financing is broad, with long terms and interest rates much more favorable than those practiced in Brazil. This is one of the points where moving to Spain generates direct wealth benefits.

Commerce: dense network and opportunities for specialized retail

Spanish commerce maintains a strong structure in both traditional retail and rapidly expanding e-commerce. Small merchants, neighborhood shops, municipal markets, and franchises coexist with large national and international chains. The Spanish consumer values proximity, the shopping experience, and product quality, which opens space for signature businesses, gastronomy, fashion, cosmetics, design, and specialized services.

Brazilians with a vocation for retail, importing Brazilian products, food service, specialty coffees, bakeries, tropical gastronomy, and personal care products find consolidated niches in medium-sized cities and multicultural neighborhoods of the large capitals.

Services: the heart of the Spanish economy

The service sector accounts for almost 70% of the gross value added of the Spanish economy and concentrates the majority of employment. It includes professional services (consulting, law, accounting, engineering), financial services, private education, private health, hospitality, tourism, transport, logistics, communication, technology, and cultural activities.

This structural weight of services has practical implications for Brazilians: most qualified job opportunities are in this sector, most scalable businesses to undertake belong to this universe, and the internationalization of the Spanish economy further expands this market. Self-employed professionals with global clients, small consultancies, and digital service providers find a clear and fiscally predictable regulatory environment.

Tourism: strategic engine and complete ecosystem

Spain is one of the world's greatest tourism powers, receiving tens of millions of international visitors per year. The sector sustains an immense ecosystem: hotels, restaurants, transport, agencies, guides, specialized commerce, events, culture, leisure, and gastronomy. Destinations like Barcelona, Madrid, Seville, Granada, Valencia, Mallorca, Ibiza, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Bilbao, and San Sebastian maintain a constant flow and generate work throughout the year.

For Brazilians, tourism is a very accessible professional and business gateway: working in hospitality, gastronomy, and tourism services can be a first step toward regularization and career building; starting a business in experience tourism, Brazilian gastronomy, boutique lodging, agency, and services for Brazilian and Latin American visitors finds real demand.

Transport and mobility: European infrastructure

Spanish transport infrastructure is one of the most complete in Europe. The country has a high-speed rail network (AVE) that connects major cities in a few hours, a modern road network, international airports in all regions, relevant cargo ports, and efficient urban public transport in large cities. Madrid and Barcelona have extensive and integrated subways, and medium-sized cities maintain functional regional bus and train systems.

This network allows living in a medium-sized city with quality of life and lower cost, without losing access to the metropolitan labor market or national and European mobility. Integration with the rest of the European Union, via cheap flights, international trains, and roads, is a direct benefit for those who settle in the country.

Security and justice: institutional stability

Spain ranks among the safest countries in Europe, with low rates of violent crime compared to Brazil. The justice system is independent, based on civil law of Roman-Germanic tradition, and offers legal predictability for businesses, contracts, and family relations. This institutional environment is one of the main reasons why Brazilian investors, professionals, and families choose the country as a long-term destination.

Autonomous communities: a practical overview for Brazilians

One of the most important particularities of Spain, which often goes unnoticed in planning done from a distance, is the profound difference between the autonomous communities. Each region combines an economic profile, cost of living, housing supply, labor market dynamics, its own taxation, and cultural characteristics that radically change the experience of living in the country. Understanding these differences is decisive for making the right choice of destination.

Madrid concentrates most corporate headquarters, financial services, central administration, and large professional offices. It is the autonomous community with the highest GDP per capita, higher average salaries in several sectors, and a high volume of qualified job offers. The cost of living is the highest in the country, especially in housing, but it is also where the highest density of opportunities for qualified Brazilians in technology, finance, consulting, law, marketing, and creative industries is found.

Catalonia, with Barcelona as its center, combines a historical industrial vocation, a strong startup ecosystem, university hubs, and international tourism. It has its own taxation on wealth, successions, and donations that needs to be considered in wealth planning. It is a central destination for professionals in technology, design, industry, life sciences, and digital entrepreneurship.

The Valencian Community offers a relevant balance between cost of living, urban quality, climate, and proximity to the sea. Valencia has consolidated itself as one of the most sought-after European cities by digital nomads, families, and professionals seeking a sophisticated urban standard at a cost significantly lower than that of Barcelona or Madrid. Alicante, Castellón, and the Valencian interior are also gaining relevance for Brazilians.

Andalusia includes Seville, Malaga, Granada, Córdoba, Cádiz, Almeria, and Huelva. Malaga, in particular, has transformed into the main technological hub of Southern Europe, with the presence of tech giants and a growing ecosystem of startups, attracting qualified professionals from all over the continent. The general cost of living in Andalusia is favorable, and the region concentrates a strong vocation for tourism, gastronomy, agro-industry, and renewable energy.

The Basque Country has the highest average expenditure per person in the country, higher salaries in several sectors, sophisticated industry, award-winning gastronomy, and specific taxation. Bilbao and San Sebastian are relevant hubs for professionals in engineering, industry, technology, and high-value-added services.

Galicia, in the northwest, offers a strong fishing and agri-food tradition, affordable cost of living, and growing attractiveness for rural tourism and gastronomy projects. Asturias and Cantabria share a similar profile, with green landscapes, high quality of life, and well-structured medium-sized cities.

Aragon, with Zaragoza as its capital, is a strategic logistics hub, connected by high-speed train to Madrid and Barcelona, with an automotive industry and growing presence in logistics and technology. Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha offer a very favorable cost of living, historical cities, and opportunities in agro-industry, cultural tourism, and renewable energy.

The Balearic Islands (Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera) and the Canary Islands (Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, Fuerteventura) have a strong tourism and foreign residential vocation, with their own tax and economic regimes. The Canaries, in particular, have a special tax regime (REF, ZEC) that can be very advantageous for international trade, technology, and audiovisual production companies.

Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, and Extremadura complete the mosaic, each with specific vocations: Murcia in horticulture and logistics, Navarre in advanced industry and wind energy, La Rioja in wine, Extremadura in agro-industry and growing attractiveness for remote work with a low cost of living.

Real cost of living: a practical comparison with Brazil

For Brazilians, comparing the cost of living in absolute value can be misleading. What matters is the real purchasing power, considering a typical salary, access to public services, and the quality of goods consumed. Some useful parameters based on INE data and Spanish reality:

• Rent: in medium-sized cities, it is possible to rent 2-bedroom apartments for 600 to 900 euros; in Madrid or Barcelona, this same apartment usually costs between 1,200 and 1,800 euros, depending on the neighborhood.
• Supermarket: a family of 3 usually spends between 400 and 700 euros per month on basic food, with product quality considerably higher than the Brazilian average.
• Health: free public system for regular residents; private plans starting from 40 to 100 euros per person, depending on age and coverage.
• Education: free public education; "concertada" schools (semi-private) with affordable monthly fees; international schools with prices that vary widely according to city and profile.
• Transport: monthly public transport passes around 30 to 60 euros in large cities; fuel and vehicle insurance significantly cheaper than in other European countries.
• Leisure and culture: cinema, museums, theater, gastronomy, and events with competitive prices compared to the rest of Western Europe.

The practical result for a middle-class Brazilian family that migrates with income in euros is, in most cases, a real increase in quality of life: more security, better public health, better transport, access to low-cost international travel, and wealth building in a strong currency.

Legal paths to reside in Spain

Spain has a well-structured set of legal routes for residency, each with its own logic and suitable for different profiles. The main ones are:

• Work visa for employees (cuenta ajena): for those hired by a Spanish company, generally in professions with recognized labor shortages.
• Qualified and highly qualified work visa: for professionals with specific training or experience, with a faster process.
• Digital nomad visa: for professionals who maintain a link with foreign companies and telework from Spain, with an attractive optional tax regime.
• Non-lucrative visa: for those who prove sufficient own income, without the need to work in the country, indicated for retirees, rentiers, and professionals with passive income.
• Entrepreneur visa: for innovative business projects or those of economic interest, evaluated by a technical commission.
• Study visa: for those entering a recognized university or technical program, with the possibility of transitioning to residency through work.
• Family reunification: for direct family members of legal residents or Spanish and European citizens.
• Citizenship by origin: descendants of Spaniards, citizens of Ibero-American countries with reduced residency time, and descendants of Sephardic Jews in specific cases.

Each of these routes has its own requirements for documentation, financial proof, health insurance, and administrative procedures that change over time. Therefore, definitive decisions should always be made based on individualized technical analysis and constant regulatory updates.

Frequently asked questions about living in Spain in 2026

Is it possible to live in Spain without speaking Spanish?

Technically yes, especially in very touristy cities and international corporate environments. In practice, mastering Spanish is decisive for social integration, full access to the labor market, relationships with public administration, and long-term quality of life. The proximity to Portuguese makes learning much easier for Brazilians.

What is the best time of year to move?

Most administrative, school, and real estate processes are concentrated between September and June. Moves made at the beginning of this cycle usually facilitate school enrollment, rental contracts, and the start of new professional projects.

Is it worth buying property right upon arrival?

In general, it is recommended to live at least six to twelve months in the chosen city before buying your own property. This allows you to get to know neighborhoods, transport dynamics, service offerings, and clearly define where to establish long-term residence.

Is it possible to maintain income in Brazil while living in Spain?

Yes, but this requires specific tax planning, especially regarding tax residence, declaration of assets abroad, and tax treatment of Brazilian income received abroad. This is one of the points where specialized advice makes a concrete difference.

How does public health work for a newly arrived Brazilian?

Full access depends on the regularization of residency and registration in social security or the health system of the autonomous community. During the initial process, it is common to maintain private health insurance, a requirement for several types of visas.

Is there real demand for Brazilians in the labor market?

Yes, especially in technology, health, hospitality, gastronomy, education, engineering, specialized industry, renewable energy, customer service in tourist markets, and sectors linked to the Latin American market.

What these data mean for the Brazilian planning for Spain

The integrated reading of official INE data allows for much more solid conclusions than any isolated perception. Spain is not a perfect country, nor is it an automatic promised land. It is a mature, diversified European economy with a consolidated social structure, first-world infrastructure, a universal health system, accessible public and private education, a labor market receptive to qualified professionals, and a fertile environment for intelligent entrepreneurship.

For Brazilians, the combination of linguistic proximity, relevant Latin American cultural presence, clear migration routes, manageable cost of living outside major centers, and a stable currency transforms the country into one of the most consistent options in Europe for building a new life. The difference between a successful move and a frustrating one usually lies in prior planning, the correct choice of migration route, the alignment of the professional profile with the market, and an informed decision about city, sector, and type of project.

How to turn data into a migration strategy

For those who have made it this far, some practical points deserve attention when translating this overview into concrete decisions:

• Choice of city: besides Madrid and Barcelona, it is worth considering Valencia, Malaga, Seville, Bilbao, Zaragoza, Alicante, Murcia, Palma de Mallorca, and Las Palmas. Each has a distinct economic profile, cost of living, and job offer.
• Professional sector: technology, health, engineering, hospitality, gastronomy, education, renewable energy, specialized industry, and professional services lead the current demand for qualified workers.
• Business profile: professional self-employed, service micro-enterprises, specialized commerce, gastronomy, experience tourism, and technology are fronts consistent with the Spanish business fabric.
• Migration routes: qualified work, digital nomad, non-lucrative, study, family reunification, citizenship by origin (including descendants of Spaniards and Sephardic Jews), and residency by investment are paths with specific requirements that need to be technically evaluated.
• Wealth and tax planning: understanding Spanish taxes, the tax regime for non-residents, taxation of income in Brazil and Spain, and the implications of tax residence is an essential part of the project.

Official source and reference

All statistical data cited in this guide have as their primary source the publication España en cifras 2025, from the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), the official body of the Spanish government responsible for the production and dissemination of public statistics. The full publication, with tables, graphs, and detailing by autonomous community, is available on the official INE portal: https://www.ine.es/prodyser/espa_cifras. The analyses, comments, and recommendations presented in this article are by the Studio Cidadania editorial team and reflect the interpretation of these data based on experience in advising Brazilians planning life projects in Spain.